Kosovo’s legal status in international relations has been ambiguous since it declared independence in 2008. Kosovo remains partially recognized and is not a member of prominent intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations.

Moreover, five EU member states (Cyprus, Greece, Romania, Slovakia and Spain) do not recognize it as an independent country. Consequently, this had repercussions on how the EU treats Kosovo due to the non-recognition of five Member States.

Since the adoption of the Regional Representation Agreement in 2012, under the framework of the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue facilitated by the EU, all EU institutions and bodies have consistently referred to Kosovo with an asterisk and accompanying footnote as part of the agreement.

The footnote states the following: “This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.”

UN Resolution 1244/1999 authorized an international civil and military presence in Kosovo after the war in Kosovo and established the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) which is still functioning today, albeit with minor functions.

The Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) stated that the unilateral declaration of independence by Kosovo did not violate international law. However, the court did not provide a definitive answer on the legality of Kosovo’s succession.

Despite the complications that arise when using asterisks/footnotes in writing documents, creating websites, and implementing projects, the EU continues to uphold this policy, despite Kosovo's disliking, which initially agreed to the practice in 2012.

Edita Tahiri - former head negotiator of Kosovo at the moment of signing the Regional Representation Agreement (2012) – had stated that the asterisk will melt down like a snowflake.

However, the latest Agreement and its Implementation Annex on the path to normalization between Kosovo and Serbia agreed in March 2023 might mark a change in this approach. Neither documents refer to Kosovo with an asterisk/footnote, despite being an official position of the EU.

Since 2012, the EU institutions have employed different approaches when referring to Kosovo. Despite being an official EU policy, EU institutions have been gradually moving away from using the footnote/asterisk in documents and meetings.

The European Parliament No Longer Refers to Kosovo with a Footnote/Asterisk

The European Parliament (EP) was the first EU institution to stop referring to Kosovo with the asterisk. This was first made evident in 2015 when an EP resolution mentioned Kosovo without an asterisk/footnote. The last time the EP referred to Kosovo with an asterisk/footnote was in 2013.

After 2015, Kosovo has been referred to without asterisk/footnote in almost all EP’s documents. However, having in mind that EP’s resolutions are not legally binding and that EP has generally taken a more liberal approach on various issues compared to the European Commission. Thus, this change in approach is unsurprising.

Moreover, EP called Vjosa Osmani, the President of Kosovo, to address the plenary in June 2023, thereby becoming the first Kosovo official to hold a speech in the EP. Her affiliation was referred to without the asterisk/footnote.

The stance of the European Parliament differs from the Commission’s as it officially abandoned the policy of neutrality when it comes to the status of Kosovo. In its last report, EP reaffirmed the stance that the normalization process should be centered around mutual recognition.

The European Commission’s Footnote/Asterisk Inconsistency in Reference to Kosovo

Unlike the EP, the European Commission (EC) has had a stricter approach when it comes to following the guidelines of the 2012 Regional Representation Agreement. Since its initial report on Kosovo in 2015, the EC has consistently adhered to the provisions of the 2012 Agreement, employing the asterisk/footnote consistently when mentioning Kosovo on its website and in its funded projects.

For example, the EU Regional Communication Programme for the Western Balkans consistently employs the asterisk/footnote policy. The same is with the Common Regional Market initiative supported by the EU and Regional Cooperation Council (RCC). Additionally, the official website of the EU office in Kosovo also features an asterisk/footnote in connection with Kosovo.

While the EC is generally more consistent in using the asterisk/footnote, occasional inconsistencies may still arise in some of the committees and agencies.

The Changing Approach of European Commission Committees and Agencies

Kosovo has been invited on numerous occasions to participate in the work of different EC bodies. All these bodies provide publicly available meeting minutes or reports which show that in the majority of cases Kosovo is referred without a footnote/asterisk.

For instance, in the 85th meeting of the Single Sky Committee Kosovo participated on par with other states. The same happened in the 10th meeting of the Programme Committee of Horizon Europe. Interestingly, in one of the Horizon Europe meetings, Kosovo was referred in Serbian Cyrillic as “Република Косово” (Republic of Kosovo). What is common in all these instances is that Kosovo was referenced without any asterisk/footnote.

On the other hand, Kosovo’s participation in the Customs Programme Committee adhered to the standards of the Regional Representation Agreement (2011).

When it comes to EU agencies, Kosovo participates in three of them. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) treats Kosovo like other Western Balkan candidates. The same applies to the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) which refers to Kosovo as any other state.

In contrast, Kosovo’s engagement with the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) has led to judicial proceedings initiated by Spain to deny Kosovo’s participation in this body. Due to the controversy surrounding Kosovo’s membership in BEREC, the presence of the asterisk/footnote shouldn’t come as a surprise.

Subtle Disappearing of the Asterisk/Footnote

There exists a noticeable lack of uniformity in how EU institutions, bodies, committees, and agencies refer to Kosovo in official capacities. However, the gradual fading away of the asterisk/footnote has become subtly apparent.

This tendency appears to be influenced by the personnel chairing committees and drafting summary reports and recording meeting minutes.

As it happens, Edita Tahiri’s prediction that “the asterisk will melt down like a snowflake” seems to be proving accurate.